[Household smoking and respiratory disease in under-five children]. / Tabagismo no domicílio e doença respiratória em crianças menores de cinco anos.

Environmental tobacco smoke is an important respiratory tract irritant in young children. To identify factors associated with respiratory disease and determine the main source of smoking exposure in the household, a cross-sectional study of 2,037 children who were immunized in primary health care clinics was conducted (in a sample of 10 out of 38 clinics with 200 children each). Parents answered a questionnaire about children's birth, passive smoking, former and current respiratory morbidity, socio-demographic characteristics, and living conditions. Analysis was based on hierarchical logistic regression. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms was 59.9% for children who live with smokers. Asthma and bronchitis showed the strongest association with smoking. In multivariate logistic regression, the following variables remained associated with asthma/bronchitis: socioeconomic status (OR = 2.93; 95%CI: 1.57-5.45), maternal schooling (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.08-1.98)] and occupation (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.04-2.74), neighborhood (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.06-2.02), child's age (OR = 3.38; 95%CI: 2.31-4.95) and sex (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.09-1.94), breastfeeding (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.15-2.40), and household smoking (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.18-2.11). Children with lower socioeconomic status and exposed to household smoking showed increased risk of respiratory disease.

Tabagismo no domicílio e doenca respiratória em criancas menores de cinco anos / Household smoking and respiratory disease in under-five children

A fumaca do tabaco no ambiente doméstico é o principal irritante do trato respiratório de criancas. Avaliaram-se os fatores associados aos sintomas e às enfermidades respiratórias, assim como a principal fonte de exposicão ao tabagismo no domicílio de 2.037 criancas menores de cinco anos atendidas para vacinacão em 10 dos 38 postos de saúde de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil (aproximadamente duzentas criancas por posto). Exposicão ao tabagismo, a morbidade respiratória e as características sócio-demográficas foram obtidas por entrevista com o responsável pela crianca. A prevalência de sintomáticos respiratórios foi de 59,9 por cento, sendo maior para os que convivem com fumantes. A asma/bronquite foi a patologia que esteve mais fortemente associada com o tabagismo, sendo as variáveis que permaneceram associadas em modelo logístico hierarquizado: nível socioeconômico (OR = 2,93; IC95 por cento: 1,57-5,45), escolaridade (OR = 1,46; IC95 por cento: 1,08-1,98) e ocupacão da mãe (OR = 1,68; IC95 por cento: 1,04-2,74), distrito sanitário (RP = 1,47; IC95 por cento: 1,06-2,02), faixa etária (OR = 3,38; IC95 por cento: 2,31-4,95) e sexo da crianca (OR = 1,46; IC95 por cento: 1,09-1,94), aleitamento natural (OR = 1,66; IC95 por cento: 1,15-2,40) e tabagismo dos moradores (OR = 1,58; IC95 por cento: 1,18-2,11). Criancas pertencentes aos níveis socioeconômicos mais baixos e expostas ao tabagismo dos moradores do domicílio apresentam maior associacão com a doenca respiratória.

Tabagismo no domicílio e baixa estatura em menores de cinco anos / Household smoking and stunting for children under five years

O tabagismo durante a gestação é um dos responsáveis pelo menor peso e comprimento ao nascer. No entanto, a exposição à fumaça do tabaco, no período pós-natal, não tem sido explorada nos estudos de crescimento. Sabe-se que a prevalência do tabagismo é alta no nível sócio-econômico mais baixo e que a estatura de crianças está também associada com variáveis sócio-econômicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito das variáveis sócio-econômicas e da exposição à fumaça do tabaco sobre o crescimento. Foram medidos e pesados os menores de cinco anos atendidos nos postos de saúde, para imunização (n = 2.037). Os pais responderam a um questionário sobre o tabagismo no domicílio e características sócio-demográficas das famílias. A prevalência da baixa estatura foi 4,3 por cento. Verificou-se na análise bivariada associação negativa entre a estatura e o tabagismo gestacional, e associações positivas com nível sócio-econômico, renda familiar e escolaridade dos pais. A análise de regressão linear hierarquizada mostrou que o tabagismo dos pais permaneceu associado com a baixa estatura mesmo após ajuste para tabagismo durante a gravidez e para variáveis sócio-demográficas.

[Household smoking and stunting for children under five years]. / Tabagismo no domicílio e baixa estatura em menores de cinco anos.

Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy is one of the most important factors for low birth weight and length. However, postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has not been explored in children's growth studies. It is known that smoking is more prevalent in low socioeconomic groups and that stunting is also associated with socioeconomic variables. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of socioeconomic variables and environmental tobacco smoke on growth. Children under five years (n = 2,037) attending a primary health care clinic had their weight and stature measured, and a questionnaire on exposure to household passive smoking and socio-demographic characteristics was applied to parents. Prevalence of stunting (defined as a z-score lower than -2) was 4.3%. There was a negative association between stature and smoking during pregnancy, and positive associations with socioeconomic levels, family income, and parents' education. Linear hierarchical regression analysis showed that maternal and paternal smoking remains associated with low stature even after adjusting for maternal smoking during pregnancy and for socio-demographic variables.

[Smoking in households in Brazil with children younger than 5 years of age]. / Tabagismo domiciliar em famílias com crianças menores de 5 anos no Brasil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of exposure to smoking in households with children younger than 5 years of age in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, and to identify the main determinants of that exposure. METHODS: This cross-sectional, population-based study included 2 037 families from the city of Cuiabá. The parents of the children or other caregivers answered a questionnaire concerning the smoking habits of people living in the household, sociodemographic characteristics of the household, and the household's living conditions. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of smoking in the households was 37.7%. In terms of income, in the households with a monthly per capita income of 2 minimum wages or more, the prevalence of smoking was 24.1%; it was 31.3% in the households with a monthly per capita income between 1 and 1.9 minimum wages; and it was 46.0% in households with a monthly per capita income below 1 minimum wage. With respect to socioeconomic level (the family's material goods and purchasing power and the educational level of the head of the household, divided into five classes, from A (highest) to E (lowest)), the higher the socioeconomic level, the lower was the prevalence of smoking in the household: 26.9% for class A, 26.4% for class B, 34.9% for class C, 45.1% for class D, and 47.2% for class E. There was a higher prevalence of smoking when the father did not live in the home (47.5% versus 35.5%), when the head of the family was someone other than the father or the mother (53.8% versus 33.9% and 38.8%, respectively), when the father was younger than 20 years (52.3% versus 31.2% for fathers 40 or older), and when the mother was younger than 20 years (46.1% versus 22.5% for mothers 40 or older). In terms of occupation, the lowest prevalence of household smoking was found with health professionals and teachers, for both women (18.3%) and men (14.7%). After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following variables remained associated with household smoking: absence of the father from the household, maternal and paternal schooling, maternal and paternal occupation, child's age, and household monthly per capita income. CONCLUSION: The risk of exposure to household smoking (and thus to passive smoking) in this sample of children younger than 5 years of age was higher in households living in poorer socioeconomic conditions.